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[Colonial Numismatics] Why Silver Wood Pieces Syd???

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  • From palmers4@erols.com Wed Jan 05 12:58:08 2005
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    Subject: RE: Spam:Spam:Re: [Colonial Numismatics] Why Silver Wood Pieces Syd???
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    John, I have to disagree with your use of "private minter", as Wood was
    under contract with the King, as I understand it, making him beholdened to
    the clauses in the contract, which I am sure were exacting, especially with
    the Tower Mint checking up on him. I doubt he was able to get away with
    much of anything. David

    Original Message:
    -----------------
    From: johnmenc@optonline.net
    Date: Wed, 05 Jan 2005 19:50:06 -0000
    To: colonial-coins@yahoogroups.com
    Subject: Spam:Spam:Re: [Colonial Numismatics] Why Silver Wood Pieces Syd???



    <html><body>



    <tt>
    <BR>
    I will wait for the book. Will keep (1) below in the back of my mind <BR>
    and have no real disagreements with (2) & (3). Perhaps I should have <BR>
    said the underwieght? coinage had the potential to induce <BR>
    counterfeiting of the series which is what Swift was saying in the <BR>
    Drapier's to the general Irish population - not that counterfeits <BR>
    had already been made & were being found in the marketplace.<BR>
    The need for copper coinage was obviously there and I guess it will <BR>
    be difficult to determine on how "succesful" this BRASS coinage was <BR>
    in Ireland? The short period of this contract does hint on its <BR>
    success or is this like the COLONIES ... you can NEVER traust a <BR>
    private minter ... of course not ... <BR>
    I am not really jumping with both feet into these new ideas or this <BR>
    new IRISH testament brought out by Brian Danforth. Its certainly was <BR>
    refreshing and very welcomed in reading these post-Breen <BR>
    advancements - but to what DEGREE these coins circulated - I for one <BR>
    need some more evidence even to the point that they were somewhat <BR>
    accepted by the Irish population - I do believe somewhat based on my <BR>
    gut feeling as this Irish arena surely mimics the COLONIES in the <BR>
    late 18th century in terms of needing the HALFPENCE - but I would <BR>
    like to see some MORE tangibles ... <BR>
    <BR>
    <BR>
    <BR>
    --- In colonial-coins@yahoogroups.com, "Martin, Syd" <sfmartin@c...> <BR>
    wrote:<BR>
    > John:=A0 you are still missing a couple of major points:<BR>
    > <BR>
    > (1)=A0 Isaac Newton (and/or his nephew) conducted an assay of Wood's <BR>
    > coins and found them on average to be of true weight [Swift's <BR>
    argument <BR>
    > was that the coins surveyed were specially selected -- but without <BR>
    any <BR>
    > proof], (2) if you examine Wood's coins, you will find that the <BR>
    quality <BR>
    > is better than anything being made in England or most of the <BR>
    continent <BR>
    > at the time -- poor workmanship that could be easily counterfeited <BR>
    is <BR>
    > not an issue -- and I've never actually seen a contemporary <BR>
    counterfeit <BR>
    > Wood's Hibernia; (3) there was indeed a coin shortage in Ireland, <BR>
    and <BR>
    > they needed small change.=A0=A0 Swift was mostly ticked off because <BR>
    (a) he <BR>
    > had personal problems with the Whigs who cam to power in England <BR>
    and <BR>
    > (b) he thought the English Parliament/King should have made the <BR>
    Irish <BR>
    > Governor party to any agreement for Irish coinage.<BR>
    > <BR>
    > Also, I have developed a theory which will be elaborated in my <BR>
    upcoming <BR>
    > book that Wood very cleverly used Swift -- and Swift fell for it.=A0 <BR>
    I <BR>
    > can explain if you are interested.<BR>
    > <BR>
    > Syd<BR>
    > <BR>
    > <BR>
    > <BR>
    > <BR>
    > On Jan 5, 2005, at 11:55 AM, <johnmenc@o...> wrote:<BR>
    > <BR>
    > ><BR>
    > >=A0 My guess is that you "MAY" have a change in opinion after <BR>
    reading<BR>
    > >=A0 some of Swift's=A0 merchant examples that he portrays in the<BR>
    > >=A0 Drapier's ... in terms of merchant transactions and the problems<BR>
    > >=A0 that will come about if you are a merchant and if you are STUCK <BR>
    with<BR>
    > >=A0 Wood's underweight coinage after or during a transaction. Swift<BR>
    > >=A0 retrieved many merchant signatures who felt this underweight <BR>
    coinage<BR>
    > >=A0 was simply - NO GOOD for the Irish economy which he used as <BR>
    PROOF<BR>
    > >=A0 that this coinage was not suitable for the people of Ireland. <BR>
    This<BR>
    > >=A0 was IMHO a little different than a Conder token which was <BR>
    backed by<BR>
    > >=A0 a reputable merchant as "good money." This Wood Brass money was <BR>
    more<BR>
    > >=A0 of a hinderance to the merchants when having to deal with BOTH <BR>
    good<BR>
    > >=A0 weight EXISTING regal money and this NEW and undesirable <BR>
    underweight<BR>
    > >=A0 brass (as Swift calls it) halfpence & farthings. Again its<BR>
    > >=A0 underweight "status" would ALSO make it "that much easier" for <BR>
    the<BR>
    > >=A0 counterfeiter to make & pass.<BR>
    > >=A0 IMHO Swifts arguments, the counterfeiting argument and the <BR>
    multiple<BR>
    > >=A0 merchant examples in the Drapier's go WAY BEYOND as just being<BR>
    > >=A0 POLITICAL but more of a nature of COMMON SENSE.<BR>
    > ><BR>
    > ><BR>
    > ><BR>
    > >=A0 --- In colonial-coins@yahoogroups.com, Ray Williams <BR>
    <njraywms@o...><BR>
    > >=A0 wrote:<BR>
    > >=A0 > John,<BR>
    > >=A0 >=A0=A0=A0=A0 I don't think that Swift would have been politically<B=
    R>
    > >=A0 motivated, at all, to give an inaccurate report of the weights <BR>
    of<BR>
    > >=A0 Wood's coinages <BG>=A0 I have a feeling that with respect to the<BR=
    >
    > >=A0 copper coinage, being up to weight was not as important as what <BR>
    was<BR>
    > >=A0 accepted or not accepted (politics).=A0 Most copper coinage was a<BR=
    >
    > >=A0 token coinage and did not contain the full value of the coin in <BR>
    its<BR>
    > >=A0 copper content, unlike the silver and gold coinages which did.=A0=A0=
    <BR>
    > >=A0 > Ray<BR>
    > >=A0 >=A0=A0 ----- Original Message -----<BR>
    > >=A0 >=A0=A0 From: johnmenc@o...<BR>
    > >=A0 >=A0=A0 To: colonial-coins@yahoogroups.com<BR>
    > >=A0 >=A0=A0 Sent: Wednesday, January 05, 2005 10:58 AM<BR>
    > >=A0 >=A0=A0 Subject: Spam:Re: [Colonial Numismatics] Why Silver Wood <BR=
    >
    Pieces<BR>
    > >=A0 Syd???<BR>
    > >=A0 ><BR>
    > >=A0 ><BR>
    > >=A0 ><BR>
    > >=A0 >=A0=A0 Good point Syd - the deviation is/appears small - however it=
    <BR>
    > >=A0 would<BR>
    > >=A0 >=A0=A0 be interesting to correlate your current findings to Swift's=
    <BR>
    > >=A0 >=A0=A0 examples in the Drapier's in terms of his arguments/examples=
    <BR>
    > >=A0 with<BR>
    > >=A0 >=A0=A0 various merchants receiving Wood's underweight coinage and <=
    BR>
    the<BR>
    > >=A0 >=A0=A0 RESULTING LOSS the merchant would find himself in when <BR>
    accepting<BR>
    > >=A0 >=A0=A0 this coinage. A cross-comparison would be very well <BR>
    received in<BR>
    > >=A0 a<BR>
    > >=A0 >=A0=A0 future CNL.<BR>
    > >=A0 ><BR>
    > >=A0 >=A0=A0 Perhaps Swift did exaggerate a bit on the underwight issue <=
    BR>
    in<BR>
    > >=A0 his<BR>
    > >=A0 >=A0=A0 documented examples based on your calculations? I doubt Syd =
    <BR>
    if<BR>
    > >=A0 >=A0=A0 anyone has been here yet in terms of the above cross-<BR>
    comparion.<BR>
    > >=A0 ><BR>
    > >=A0 ><BR>
    > >=A0 ><BR>
    > >=A0 >=A0=A0 --- In colonial-coins@yahoogroups.com, "Martin, Syd"<BR>
    > >=A0 <sfmartin@c...><BR>
    > >=A0 >=A0=A0 wrote:<BR>
    > >=A0 >=A0=A0 > Actually, be careful of claiming underweight.=A0 I have a =
    <BR>
    sample<BR>
    > >=A0 of<BR>
    > >=A0 >=A0=A0 > approximately 1,000 pieces.=A0 The average weight is about=
    5<BR>
    > >=A0 grains<BR>
    > >=A0 >=A0=A0 less<BR>
    > >=A0 >=A0=A0 > than standard BUT the standard deviation of the sample is<=
    BR>
    > >=A0 about 7<BR>
    > >=A0 >=A0=A0 > grains.=A0 If anyone is interested, I can provide exact <B=
    R>
    data (by<BR>
    > >=A0 >=A0=A0 year and<BR>
    > >=A0 >=A0=A0 > by total).=A0 Remember also, that an exchange rate existed=
    <BR>
    > >=A0 between<BR>
    > >=A0 >=A0=A0 > England and Ireland at the time -- their currencies were<B=
    R>
    > >=A0 not "at<BR>
    > >=A0 >=A0=A0 > parity."=A0 Syd<BR>
    > >=A0 >=A0=A0 ><BR>
    > >=A0 >=A0=A0 ><BR>
    > >=A0 >=A0=A0 > On Jan 5, 2005, at 9:43 AM, <johnmenc@o...> wrote:<BR>
    > >=A0 >=A0=A0 ><BR>
    > >=A0 >=A0=A0 > ><BR>
    > >=A0 >=A0=A0 > >=A0 One thing really instructive on reading the Drapier's=
    <BR>
    > >=A0 Letters<BR>
    > >=A0 >=A0=A0 (SO<BR>
    > >=A0 >=A0=A0 > >=A0 FAR) was the importance of "coin weight" and its <BR>
    importance<BR>
    > >=A0 to<BR>
    > >=A0 >=A0=A0 the<BR>
    > >=A0 >=A0=A0 > >=A0 VARIOUS merchants. Swift used=A0 this as his main <BR=
    >
    argument<BR>
    > >=A0 IMHO to<BR>
    > >=A0 >=A0=A0 > >=A0 CONVINCE the merchants to boycott Wood's BRASS (as he=
    <BR>
    > >=A0 called<BR>
    > >=A0 >=A0=A0 this<BR>
    > >=A0 >=A0=A0 > >=A0 coinage)of halfpence and farthings. There is also som=
    e <BR>
    great<BR>
    > >=A0 >=A0=A0 > >=A0 arguments on how this coinage will leave the people <=
    BR>
    open<BR>
    > >=A0 >=A0=A0 to "MORE"<BR>
    > >=A0 >=A0=A0 > >=A0 underweight bogus counterfeit halfpence as Wood's <BR=
    >
    pieces<BR>
    > >=A0 were<BR>
    > >=A0 >=A0=A0 > >=A0 already counterfeit "in nature" as being underweight.=
    <BR>
    He<BR>
    > >=A0 >=A0=A0 supplies<BR>
    > >=A0 >=A0=A0 > >=A0 some classic merchants examples on how their business=
    es<BR>
    > >=A0 will<BR>
    > >=A0 >=A0=A0 suffer<BR>
    > >=A0 >=A0=A0 > >=A0 on accepting this underwight coinage.<BR>
    > >=A0 >=A0=A0 > >=A0 There is never a mention of the word "shilling" in an=
    y <BR>
    of<BR>
    > >=A0 the<BR>
    > >=A0 >=A0=A0 > >=A0 Drapier Letters.<BR>
    > >=A0 >=A0=A0 > >=A0 I keep thinking the silver pieces were for die testin=
    g <BR>
    or<BR>
    > >=A0 for<BR>
    > >=A0 >=A0=A0 some<BR>
    > >=A0 >=A0=A0 > >=A0 form type of presentation example. No hint in the<BR>
    > >=A0 Drapier's -<BR>
    > >=A0 >=A0=A0 but<BR>
    > >=A0 >=A0=A0 > >=A0 then again - why would there be ... the coinage being=
    <BR>
    > >=A0 rejected<BR>
    > >=A0 >=A0=A0 in my<BR>
    > >=A0 >=A0=A0 > >=A0 mind was not really political ... Swift is right ... =
    <BR>
    what<BR>
    > >=A0 >=A0=A0 advantage<BR>
    > >=A0 >=A0=A0 > >=A0 would it be for the merchants of Ireland to accept <B=
    R>
    brass<BR>
    > >=A0 coinage<BR>
    > >=A0 >=A0=A0 > >=A0 which is underweight to their CURRENT English <BR>
    counterpart<BR>
    > >=A0 >=A0=A0 > >=A0 coinage ... even if there was a REAL need for non-<BR=
    >
    > >=A0 silver/gold<BR>
    > >=A0 >=A0=A0 > >=A0 coinage for the working class people of Ireland. His<=
    BR>
    > >=A0 examples<BR>
    > >=A0 >=A0=A0 again<BR>
    > >=A0 >=A0=A0 > >=A0 are great and HIT HOME.<BR>
    > >=A0 >=A0=A0 > >=A0 I am not convinced at all - that since we now have to=
    <BR>
    pay<BR>
    > >=A0 four<BR>
    > >=A0 >=A0=A0 > >=A0 digits for a 1723 UNC halfpence that this would lead =
    <BR>
    me to<BR>
    > >=A0 be<BR>
    > >=A0 >=A0=A0 > >=A0 convinced that this coinage was feely accepted in <BR=
    >
    Ireland -<BR>
    > >=A0 TO<BR>
    > >=A0 >=A0=A0 ANY<BR>
    > >=A0 >=A0=A0 > >=A0 DEGREE AT ALL !!!<BR>
    > >=A0 >=A0=A0 > >=A0 The hell with this underwight bogus halfpence - I am =
    <BR>
    with<BR>
    > >=A0 you<BR>
    > >=A0 >=A0=A0 SWIFT -<BR>
    > >=A0 >=A0=A0 > >=A0 ship this GARBAGE to the COLONIES - ALL OF IT!<BR>
    > >=A0 >=A0=A0 > ><BR>
    > >=A0 >=A0=A0 > ><BR>
    > >=A0 >=A0=A0 > ><BR>
    > >=A0 >=A0=A0 > >=A0 --- In colonial-coins@yahoogroups.com, Ray Williams<B=
    R>
    > >=A0 >=A0=A0 <njraywms@o...><BR>
    > >=A0 >=A0=A0 > >=A0 wrote:<BR>
    > >=A0 >=A0=A0 > >=A0 > Thanks Jack, that will give me something to read on=
    a<BR>
    > >=A0 snowy<BR>
    > >=A0 >=A0=A0 > >=A0 evening.=A0 I don't know if it's the same source that=
    <BR>
    JPL had<BR>
    > >=A0 >=A0=A0 shared,<BR>
    > >=A0 >=A0=A0 > >=A0 but it certainly will give me what I'm looking for.<B=
    R>
    > >=A0 >=A0=A0 > >=A0 > Ray<BR>
    > >=A0 >=A0=A0 > >=A0 >=A0=A0 ----- Original Message -----<BR>
    > >=A0 >=A0=A0 > >=A0 >=A0=A0 From: Jack Howes<BR>
    > >=A0 >=A0=A0 > >=A0 >=A0=A0 To: colonial-coins@yahoogroups.com<BR>
    > >=A0 >=A0=A0 > >=A0 >=A0=A0 Sent: Tuesday, January 04, 2005 9:40 PM<BR>
    > >=A0 >=A0=A0 > >=A0 >=A0=A0 Subject: Re: [Colonial Numismatics] Why Silve=
    r Wood<BR>
    > >=A0 Pieces<BR>
    > >=A0 >=A0=A0 Syd???<BR>
    > >=A0 >=A0=A0 > >=A0 ><BR>
    > >=A0 >=A0=A0 > >=A0 ><BR>
    > >=A0 >=A0=A0 > >=A0 >=A0=A0 Ray,<BR>
    > >=A0 >=A0=A0 > >=A0 ><BR>
    > >=A0 >=A0=A0 > >=A0 >=A0=A0 Here is a link to an etext of Swift's Drapier=
    's <BR>
    Letters:<BR>
    > >=A0 >=A0=A0 > >=A0 ><BR>
    > >=A0 >=A0=A0 > >=A0 >=A0=A0 <a
    href=3D"http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/1/2/7/8/12784/12784-">http://www.gute=
    nbe
    rg.org/dirs/1/2/7/8/12784/12784-</a><BR>
    8.txt<BR>
    > >=A0 >=A0=A0 > >=A0 >=A0=A0=A0=A0 ----- Original Message -----<BR>
    > >=A0 >=A0=A0 > >=A0 >=A0=A0=A0=A0 From: Ray Williams<BR>
    > >=A0 >=A0=A0 > >=A0 >=A0=A0=A0=A0 To: colonial-coins@yahoogroups.com<BR>
    > >=A0 >=A0=A0 > >=A0 >=A0=A0=A0=A0 Sent: Tuesday, January 04, 2005 5:27 PM=
    <BR>
    > >=A0 >=A0=A0 > >=A0 >=A0=A0=A0=A0 Subject: Re: [Colonial Numismatics] Why=
    Silver <BR>
    Wood<BR>
    > >=A0 Pieces<BR>
    > >=A0 >=A0=A0 > >=A0 Syd???<BR>
    > >=A0 >=A0=A0 > >=A0 ><BR>
    > >=A0 >=A0=A0 > >=A0 ><BR>
    > >=A0 >=A0=A0 > >=A0 >=A0=A0=A0=A0 John,<BR>
    > >=A0 >=A0=A0 > >=A0 >=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0 Could you share what site y=
    ou downloaded the <BR>
    below<BR>
    > >=A0 >=A0=A0 > >=A0 information?=A0 It's interesting and I'd like to read=
    a<BR>
    > >=A0 little<BR>
    > >=A0 >=A0=A0 more on<BR>
    > >=A0 >=A0=A0 > >=A0 the topic.<BR>
    > >=A0 >=A0=A0 > >=A0 >=A0=A0=A0=A0 Ray<BR>
    > >=A0 >=A0=A0 > >=A0 >=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0 ----- Original Message -----<BR>
    > >=A0 >=A0=A0 > >=A0 >=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0 From: johnmenc@o...<BR>
    > >=A0 >=A0=A0 > >=A0 >=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0 To: colonial-coins@yahoogroups.co=
    m<BR>
    > >=A0 >=A0=A0 > >=A0 >=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0 Sent: Tuesday, January 04, 2005 4=
    :36 PM<BR>
    > >=A0 >=A0=A0 > >=A0 >=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0 Subject: [Colonial Numismatics] W=
    hy Silver Wood<BR>
    > >=A0 Pieces<BR>
    > >=A0 >=A0=A0 Syd???<BR>
    > >=A0 >=A0=A0 > >=A0 ><BR>
    > >=A0 >=A0=A0 > >=A0 ><BR>
    > >=A0 >=A0=A0 > >=A0 ><BR>
    > >=A0 >=A0=A0 > >=A0 >=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0 As is well known William Wood had=
    issued <BR>
    quantities<BR>
    > >=A0 of<BR>
    > >=A0 >=A0=A0 regal<BR>
    > >=A0 >=A0=A0 > >=A0 >=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0 halfpennies and farthings for Ire=
    land in 1722 <BR>
    and<BR>
    > >=A0 1723,<BR>
    > >=A0 >=A0=A0 but<BR>
    > >=A0 >=A0=A0 > >=A0 these<BR>
    > >=A0 >=A0=A0 > >=A0 >=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0 had been extremely unpopular, eve=
    n though the <BR>
    last<BR>
    > >=A0 >=A0=A0 copper<BR>
    > >=A0 >=A0=A0 > >=A0 issue had<BR>
    > >=A0 >=A0=A0 > >=A0 >=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0 been in 1696 and shortages were s=
    tarting to <BR>
    appear.<BR>
    > >=A0 This<BR>
    > >=A0 >=A0=A0 > >=A0 popularity<BR>
    > >=A0 >=A0=A0 > >=A0 >=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0 was in part the result of a campa=
    ign, given<BR>
    > >=A0 intellectual<BR>
    > >=A0 >=A0=A0 > >=A0 force by<BR>
    > >=A0 >=A0=A0 > >=A0 >=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0 Swift's Drapier's Letters, which,=
    in the <BR>
    spirit of<BR>
    > >=A0 the<BR>
    > >=A0 >=A0=A0 age,<BR>
    > >=A0 >=A0=A0 > >=A0 refused<BR>
    > >=A0 >=A0=A0 > >=A0 >=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0 to accept the advantages of a sep=
    aration <BR>
    between<BR>
    > >=A0 face<BR>
    > >=A0 >=A0=A0 and<BR>
    > >=A0 >=A0=A0 > >=A0 intrinsic<BR>
    > >=A0 >=A0=A0 > >=A0 >=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0 value for the smaller denominatio=
    ns.<BR>
    > >=A0 >=A0=A0 > >=A0 ><BR>
    > >=A0 >=A0=A0 > >=A0 >=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0 Swift's arguments were based on p=
    olitical <BR>
    animus<BR>
    > >=A0 and<BR>
    > >=A0 >=A0=A0 some<BR>
    > >=A0 >=A0=A0 > >=A0 rather<BR>
    > >=A0 >=A0=A0 > >=A0 >=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0 shakey economics. The American co=
    lonists <BR>
    proved more<BR>
    > >=A0 >=A0=A0 > >=A0 amenable and<BR>
    > >=A0 >=A0=A0 > >=A0 >=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0 Mr. Wood's coins were shipped off=
    across the <BR>
    ocean.<BR>
    > >=A0 >=A0=A0 Before<BR>
    > >=A0 >=A0=A0 > >=A0 Wood's<BR>
    > >=A0 >=A0=A0 > >=A0 >=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0 issue, it was said that 'consider=
    able <BR>
    manufacturers<BR>
    > >=A0 were<BR>
    > >=A0 >=A0=A0 > >=A0 obliged to<BR>
    > >=A0 >=A0=A0 > >=A0 >=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0 pay their men with tallies or tok=
    en in cards,<BR>
    > >=A0 signed<BR>
    > >=A0 >=A0=A0 upon<BR>
    > >=A0 >=A0=A0 > >=A0 the back,<BR>
    > >=A0 >=A0=A0 > >=A0 >=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0 to be afterwards exchanged for mo=
    ney..: 2<BR>
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    > >=A0 >=A0=A0 > >=A0 ><BR>
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    > >=A0 its<BR>
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    > >=A0 >=A0=A0 > >=A0 ><BR>
    > >=A0 >=A0=A0 > >=A0 ><BR>
    > >=A0 >=A0=A0 > >=A0 ><BR>
    > >=A0 >=A0=A0 > >=A0 > ---------------------------------------------------=
    --<BR>
    -----<BR>
    > >=A0 ----<BR>
    > >=A0 >=A0=A0 -----<BR>
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    > >=A0 >=A0=A0 > ><BR>
    > >=A0 >=A0=A0 > ><BR>
    > >=A0 >=A0=A0 > > Yahoo! Groups Links<BR>
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    p on the web, go to:<BR>
    > >=A0 >=A0=A0 > > <a
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    > >=A0 >=A0=A0 > >=A0<BR>
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    > >=A0 ><BR>
    > >=A0 ><BR>
    > >=A0 > --------------------------------------------------------------<BR>
    -----<BR>
    > >=A0 -----------<BR>
    > >=A0 >=A0=A0 Yahoo! Groups Links<BR>
    > >=A0 ><BR>
    > >=A0 >=A0=A0=A0=A0 a.. To visit your group on the web, go to:<BR>
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    > > Yahoo! Groups Links<BR>
    > ><BR>
    > > =A0=A0=A0=A0=A0 =95 =A
Source URL Date published
  • 2005-01-05
Volume
  • 1

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