Definizione

• Buried.  A numismatic or medallic item dug up from the ground or retrieved from water after a period of time. Such recovered items are always affected by their surroundings from wear by rushing water (in a creek or river bed, for example) to porosity (from leaching surface metal), or a change of color (mild discoloration to incrusted patina). Gold is affected least of all, silver more so; nonprecious metals are chemically active and affected most of all. Buried metal sometimes takes on a new composition on its surface – called surface enrichment – typical when the green incrusted patina forms on buried bronze when sulfur and moist conditions coexist in the adjacent area.
  The surrounding environment affects all buried objects; when these are retrieved from under water the condition is called seawater surface. When buried items are recovered from land they are termed excavated items; when a quantity are so recovered they are termed a hoard; a single item or two is called a find.  Numismatists study hoards to obtain numismatic, historical and mercantile (economic trade) information.  See hoard.
  All kinds of engraving is accomplished with the engraver's basic tool, the burin, also called a “graver.” A shaft of steel is sharpened at the end in one of a dozen diamond shapes to cut different shapes. The shaft is inserted in a wooden handle, also of different

  excerpted with permission from

  An Encyclopedia of Coin and Medal Technology

  For Artists, Makers, Collectors and Curators

  COMPILED AND WRITTEN BY D. WAYNE JOHNSON

  Roger W. Burdette, Editor

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