定義

• Deformation.  An undesirable change of form or shape in casting from internal forces of the metal or substance being cast. It affects the surface most severely with blemishes
  or voids. Background plates are made sturdy to prevent deformation in coin or medal modeling, say, when a soft material as clay or plasteline is used.  See surface deformation.

  excerpted with permission from

  An Encyclopedia of Coin and Medal Technology

  For Artists, Makers, Collectors and Curators

  COMPILED AND WRITTEN BY D. WAYNE JOHNSON

  Roger W. Burdette, Editor

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